January 9

NOV 22 Rhythm and poetry

Dec RHYME

Intonation

phonics

http://www.millikin.edu/aci/crow/basics/frost3.html

http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2/tone.htm tone of voice

sound change

class list

your paper

15 x

Syllables vs. Mora From last week 11/1

1. Syllable structure

open syllables: (C)V only closed syllables: (C) V C

ENGLISH syllable structure : (C)(C)(C)V (C)(C)(C)

Syllable internal structure : onset (C) rhyme V (C)

JAPANESE syllable structure : Strong mora (weak mora) = (C)V (W)

This reflects Japanese mora structure :

• (strong mora) (C)V
• (weak mora) [:] or [n] or [Q]

Syllable internal structure : head (C) V coda (C)

heavy syllable = has two moras light syllable = has only one mora

2. Syllable (mora) timing vs. stress timing

Syllable or mora timing: each syllable (or mora) takes about the same time when pronounced

Question: In Japanese: do /shinbun/ and /furikake/ take the same amount of time?

Stress timing: some syllables are more "important" than others; that is, they are stressed and others are unstressed, and the beat falls on the stressed syllables. English, German, Dutch

Timing carries over into English : Hawaiian English, Japanese English, Chinese English, Spanish English are syllable-timed.

3. Syllable structure and timing are connected:

Languages with more complex syllables usually have stress timing.

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End ^) See you

January 9

phonics

http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2/tone.htm tone of voice

your paper

15 x

Intonation

Dec RHYME

http://www.millikin.edu/aci/crow/basics/frost3.html

NOV 22 Rhythm and poetry

22 Rhythm and poetry?

HAPPYO 2 11/15 General background to your language; Syllables and stress

Syllables vs. Mora From last week 11/1

HAPPYO 2 11/14 General background to your language; Syllables and stress

Syllables vs. Mora

sound change

2. Assimilation: two adjacent sounds become closer together. Example: the [p] and [b] in "cupboard" progressive and regressive assimilation

• (weak mora) [:] or [n] or [Q]

Syllable internal structure : head (C) V coda (C)

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open syllables: (C)V only closed syllables: (C) V C

ENGLISH syllable structure : (C)(C)(C)V (C)(C)(C)

Syllable internal structure : onset (C) rhyme V (C)

JAPANESE syllable structure : Strong mora (weak mora) = (C)V (W)

Syllable internal structure : head (C) V coda (C)

This reflects Japanese mora structure :

heavy syllable = has two moras light syllable = has only one mora

Syllables vs. Mora

1. Syllable structure

English syllable structure : (C)(C)(C)V (C)(C)(C)

Japanese syllable structure : Strong mora (weak mora) = (C)V (W)

Japanese mora structure :

• (strong mora) (C)V
• (weak mora) [:] or [n] or [Q]

2. Syllable (mora) timing vs. stress timing

Syllable or mora timing: each syllable (or mora) takes about the same time when pronounced

Question: In Japanese: do /shinbun/ and /furikake/ take the same amount of time?

Stress timing: some syllables are more "important" than others; that is, they are stressed and others are unstressed, and the beat falls on the stressed syllables. English, German, Dutch

Timing carries over into English : Hawaiian English, Japanese English, Chinese English, Spanish English are syllable-timed.

3. Syllable structure and timing are connected:

Languages with more complex syllables usually have stress timing.

2 kinds of sound change:

a. regular or systematic

b. "accidental" speech errors

WAYS SOUNDS CHANGE

1. Reduced vowels-->unstressed vowels SOMETIMES reduce to schwa or barred i

The a in about

The e (and i!) in synthesis

The i in decimal

The o in harmony

The u in medium

The y in syringe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstressed_vowel

The e in roses is a barred i

The a in Rosa's is a schwa

http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/stress1.html

Other sound changes:

2. Assimilation: two adjacent sounds become closer together. Example: the [p] and [b] in "cupboard"

3. Dissimilation: the opposite of assimilation, two sounds move farther apart. Example, "February" "Febyuary".

4. Metathesis: two sounds switch places. Example: Old English "thridda" is Modern English "third". wednesday, comfortable

5. Liaison: the introduction of a sound between words. Examples: French "il y a" becomes "y a t-il" when inverted.

6. Elision: is the loss of unstressed sounds, Elision example: "American" /merken/ him /im/. library" is pronounced "libary"

7. Epenthesis: the introduction of a sound between others. Example: "fire" = /faiyer/. "sherbet" "sherbert"

8. Haplology: the loss of syllables because nearby syllables sound similar. Example: Old English "Anglaland" became Modern English "England", probably /probly/ library" is pronounced "libry" Haplology would reduce to *haplogy if it were a common word.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_change