AMERICAN HISTORY in the 1600s: EXPLORATION and Colonialization (PART 1)
Five centuries ago, the ( 1 )s were a new world waiting to be explored. Seamen from the great naval powers of Europe embarked on a series of discoveries that would later bring colonists and settlers, whose legacy lives on today in the names of cities, states, straits, and rivers.
John Cabot of ( 2 ) discovered Newfoundland and explored its coast, hoping to find a route to ( 4 ). Juan Ponce de Leon of ( 5 ) explored the east coast of ( 6 ) and the ( 7 ) keys. ( 8 ) Giovanni de Verrazano explored the Atlantic coast in search of a passage to the Indies. And Jacques Cartier of ( 9 ) sailed the St Lawrence River to ( 10 ). ( 11 ) explorer Hernando de Soto traveled the Southeast from 1539-42, while his compatriot Francisco de Coronado searched the Southwest and the Southern great plains for the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. In 1565, the ( 12 ) reversed a policy which barred colonization and founded St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement in ( 13 ).
The ( 14 ) founded their first colony at Roanoke in 1585 but it later disappeared without a trace. This failure suspended ( 15 ) colonial efforts until 1606, when the ( 16 ) Company was authorized to establish settlements. In 1607 they established Jamestown as the first permanent ( 16a ) settlement.
The first permanent ( 17 ) settlement was founded by Samuel de Champlain at ( 18 ) in 1608. Searching for a northwest passage to ( 19 ), ( 20 ) navigator Henry Hudson explored the Delaware Bay in ( 21 ) harbor. Across the continent, the ( 22 ) set up Santa Fe in 1610 to serve as an administrative and missionary center.
The new world became a haven from the old. In search of religious freedom, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620 and started the first ( 23 ) colony in New ( 24 ). The ( 25 ) were not to be left out. They established their first settlement at Fort Orange in 1624, now known as Albany, ( 26 ). And they also made the most famous acquisition of all, purchasing Manhattan Island to found New Amsterdam.
( 27 ) also joined in, starting the first ( 28 ) colony at Fort Christina, now Wilmington, Delaware. By 1650, the ( 29 ) in New ( 30 ), the ( 31 ) in New ( 32 ) and the ( 33 ) in ( 34 ) and New ( 35 ) were firmly established in the mid-Atlantic region. But as each colony expanded beside existing ( 36 ) rivalries, tensions developed that soon brought the colonies into conflict.
During the first Anglo-( 37 ) war, the ( 38 ) seized the outpost of fort Good Hope. Two years later the ( 39 ) took control of the Delaware Valley from ( 40 ). The ( 41 ) regarded New Amsterdam as blocking their westward expansion, so they decided to take it. ( 42 ) governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered in 1664, and the ( 43 ) renamed the city ( 44 ), in honor of the Duke of York, brother of King Charles the Second.
By the end of 1664, three powers remained in North ( 45 ). The ( 46 ) controlled most of the eastern seaboard and a large region north. The ( 47 ) had settlements from ( 48 ) to ( 49 ) and influence over the interior, and ( 50 ) had claim over ( 51 ) in the Southwest but with few settlements.
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AMERICAN HISTORY in the 1700s: Exploration and COLONIALIZATION (PART 2)
The next century would see greater expansion in exploration. The ( 1 ) settled at ( 2 ) in Charleston in 1670 while the ( 3 ) explored the interior. Marquette and Jolliet traveled the central ( 4 ) in 1673. Lewis Hennepin, the upper ( 5 ) area in 1680, and La Salle descended the great river to the gulf of ( 6 ), claiming the entire ( 7 ) watershed in the name of ( 8 ), and naming it ( 9 ) after King Louis the 14th. After receiving a charter for ( 10 ), William Penn established ( 11 ) in 1682.
Colonization increased. The ( 12 ) founded Pensacola in ( 13 ) in 1698. The ( 14 ) built a mission at Cahokia, the first permanent settlement in ( 15 ), and the ( 16 ) began to clear the interior and expand. The ( 17 ) built in the southwest. Albuquerque was founded in 1698. The ( 18 ) set up Mobile, capital of ( 19 ) until 1720 and Natchitoches, the oldest permanent settlement in present-day ( 20 ). Responding to ( 21 ) development, ( 22 ) missions were established in Nacodoches, ( 23 ) and then San Antonio. In 1718, New Orleans was founded due to its location on the ( 24 ) River near the Gulf of ( 25 ).
The ( 26 ) expanded south with the arrival of settlers in Savannah, ( 27 ) in 1733. By 1754 ( 28 ) and ( 29 ) interests began to compete, as colonies vied for territory. ( 30 ) influence extended along the eastern seaboard from Nova Scotia to ( 31 ) and as far west as the Appalachian Mountains, with an area around the Hudson Bay. The ( 32 ) claimed eastern ( 33 ) and ( 34 ) territory, and the ( 35 ) were widely scattered over ( 36 ), ( 37 ), and the far southwest.
A fight started over the Ohio River valley, and a fort built at what is now Pittsburgh was taken over by the ( 38 ). A contingent under George Washington built Fort Necessity nearby, but was ousted in July 1754.
It was the beginning of the ( 39 ) and Indian war. The ( 40 ) capture of ( 41 ) in 1759 and the ( 42 ) surrender of ( 43 ) in 1760 seriously eroded ( 44 ) resistance. Concerned that a ( 45 ) victory would upset the balance of power, ( 46 ) joined the war against ( 47 ) in 1762. But ( 48 ) did not tilt the balance. ( 49 ) prevailed and the treaty of ( 50 ) of 1763, which ended the war, was much in its favor. ( 51 ) gained all of North ( 52 ) east of the ( 53 ) river including ( 54 ) and ( 55 ). To compensate ( 56 ) for the loss of ( 57 ), ( 58 ) ceeded all its territory west of the ( 59 ).
The Indians had been a force in the war, especially with the raids on the frontier. To placate the Indians, the ( 60 ) Parliament passed the proclamation of 1763, which forbid colonial advancement west of the Appalachian divide. Resented by colonists eager to move west, this decree was the first of many events to lead to the ( 61 )n Revolution.
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